This paper explores how value-chain governance affects the innovation performance of suppliers of intermediate products … is more conducive to innovation for suppliers, especially when these firms have medium capability levels. Conversely … intermediates and innovation performance, which indicates that technology-gap is an important mediator of learning within value …

), allows for causal interpretation of the relationship between innovation output and labor productivity. We find that knowledge … intensive services benefit from innovation activities in the sense that these activities causally increase their labor …

countries (namely Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Spain compared with Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech … countries. It is relatively small in Norway and Belgium, large in the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland and the Czech Republic …

characteristics, for five samples (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy and Spain), with data being drawn from the European Community …

marginal value of being an entrepreneur as a function of wealth. Countries with high start-up costs such as Italy, Spain and …

immigrant. This paper tests that hypothesis drawing on evidence for the EU and on two natural experiments for Spain and Italy …

European context comparing results from Spain, Italy and the Netherlands. Using these large and comparable data sets, our logit … employment. Similar results were found for fathers in Spain and Italy. Perhaps the most striking result is the very strong …

-retirement decision. Employing individual data from the European Community Household Panel for Germany, Italy, Spain, and the U.K., a … unemployed which offer a pathway to early retirement such as, Germany and Spain, older displaced workers exhibit lower re …