in U.S. refugee admissions starting in 2017 costs the overall U.S. economy today over $9.1 billion per year ($30,962 per … missing refugee per year, on average) and costs public coffers at all levels of government over $2.0 billion per year ($6 … during the same period likewise carry ongoing costs in the billions of dollars per year. These estimates imply that barriers …

components using yearly UK data covering 1977-2018. We examine cash and in-kind benefits, and direct and indirect taxes. In … benefits are largely associated with cyclical changes in average benefit rates. In contrast, trends in the redistributive … effects of direct and indirect taxes are mostly associated with changes in progressivity. For in-kind benefits, changes in the …

policy parameters: (i) DI eligibility rules and (ii) DI benefits. Causal evidence from two DI reforms in Austria generate … lower DI benefits. Stricter DI eligibility rules generate lower income losses (earnings + transfers), particularly at the … eligibility rules rather than lower DI benefits. An application of our framework to the DI system of the U.S. suggests that DI …

Employer-provided nonwage benefit expenditures now account for one-third of U.S. firms' labor costs. We show that a … broad measure of real labor costs including such benefit expenditures has become countercyclical during 1982-2014, contrary … to the conventional view that labor costs are procyclical. Using BLS establishment-job data, we find that even real wages …