In 2015, Germany introduced a national minimum wage. While the literature agrees on at most limited negative effects on …

This paper studies inequalities in labour market outcomes, incomes and economic concerns across workers in Germany … (Minijobs), low-educated and low-income workers, and to some extent women. Short-time work (Kurzarbeit), one of the central … pillars of Germany's policy response to the crisis, prevented a further widening of labour market inequalities. In spite of …

This study investigates whether and when during the life cycle women fall behind in terms of career progression because … establishment as well as in combination with an establishment change. Women with children are 1.6 percentage points less likely … promoted than women without children; this is what we refer to as the family gap in climbing the career. We find that mothers …

Historical, longitudinal data are used to track the earnings of cohorts of immigrant and U.S.-born women over time. The …

This paper analyzes the occupational status and distribution of free women in the antebellum United States. It … among women by nativity, urbanization, and region of the country. While foreign-born and illiterate women were more likely … greater the slave-intensity of the county, the less likely were free women to report having an occupation, particularly as …

Estimated labor force participation rates among free women in the pre-Civil War period were exceedingly low. This is … due, in part, to cultural or societal expectations of the role of women and the lack of thorough enumeration by Census … takers. This paper develops an augmented labor force participation rate for free women in 1860 and compares it with the …

Rates of labor force participation in the US in the second half of the nineteenth century among free women were … exceedingly (and implausibly) low, about 11 percent. This is due, in part, to social perceptions of working women, cultural and … an augmented free female labor force participation rate for 1860. It is calculated by identifying free women (age 16 and …

constraints for blue-collar jobs than white-collar/pink-collar jobs, and that women face greater age discrimination than men …