Although the theoretical literature often uses lobbying and corruption synonymously, the empirical literature … associates lobbying with the preferred mean for exerting influence in developed countries and corruption with the preferred one … suggest that (a) lobbying and corruption are fundamentally different, (b) political institutions play a major role in …

In this paper we present and test a theory of how political corruption, found in many transition and emerging market … institutions that do not punish political corruption result in political connectedness of firms that in turn has a negative effect …

chairman and share of women in the boardroom) and firm's risk attitudes measured as variability in four firm outcome variables … than 50 employees, we find extensive evidence of a negative association between female CEO and firm's risk attitudes. This … risk aversion profile and put more effort in monitoring firm activities than men in the financial matter domains. A number …

, business regulations, corruption, and to a lesser extent, infrastructure bottlenecks in explaining patterns of job creation at … growth of all firms, particularly micro and small firms. On the other hand, corruption and poor access to infrastructure … into the ranks of the SMEs. -- Employment growth ; investment climate ; corruption ; regulatory framework ; finance …

Conventional wisdom depicts corruption as a tax on incumbent firms. This paper challenges this view in two ways. First …, by arguing that corruption matters not so much because of the value of the bribe ("tax"), but because of another less … studied feature of corruption, namely bribe unavoidability. Second, we argue that the social costs of corruption arise not …