hires are relatively more qualified. Our results suggest a potential upside to patronage as campaign connections create new …

Unlike many countries, Egypt did not experience significant labor market improvements following trade liberalization …, Egypt requires deeper business environment reforms to incentivize large export, labor-intensive sector growth and integrate …

outcomes in Egypt between 2007 and 2018. We assess the effects not only on directly exporting industries but also on industries … Egypt as observed in other countries, as highlighted in the existing literature explaining the adverse effects of imports on … developing countries. Despite being more open to trade, trade-intensive industries in Egypt have not experienced a significant …

political power at the expenses of the median voter. In particular, investments in lobbying activities allow the rich to obtain … variable taxes and lobbying. In addition, it is established the existence of a transitional dynamics featuring convergence to a … balanced growth path, characterized by constant taxes and lobbying (and a constant growth rate of consumption and capital …

across sectors, attracting substantial lobbying efforts by special interest groups. Yet, the link between structural change … and lobbying remains underexplored. Using more than 150 years of data on parliamentary petitions in USA and Britain, we … measure historical lobbying and document several stylized facts. First, lobbying over industrial policies follows a hump …