Sanctions are a common method to discourage free-riding in the provision of public goods. However, we can usually only … sanction those who are detected performing the bad act of free-riding. There has been considerable research on the type of … sanctions imposed, but this research almost always automatically detects everyone's actions and broadcasts them to the group …

We investigate the effect of economic sanctions on trade flows in countries sharing a border with sanctioned states …. According to trade models, sanctions are expected to reduce trade flows as they disrupt established trading routes and economic … costs as sanctions disrupt trade. Yet, case studies uncover heterogeneity in countries' responses, with some cases …

Labor market policy tools such as training and sanctions are commonly used to help bring workers back to work. By … outcomes before and after exposure to training and sanctions. We find that training improves cardiovascular and mental health … sanctions cause a short-run deterioration of mental health, possibly due higher stress levels, but this tapers out quickly. …

In this paper, we use a novel firm level dataset for Germany to investigate the effect of sanctions on export behaviour … and performance of German firms. More specifically, we study the sanctions imposed by the EU against Russia in 2014 in … trade restrictions, we provide further evidence on the indirect effects of sanctions. Analysing the impact on broader …

's rights indices from the CIRI Human Rights Dataset, we report evidence consistent with the theory. A statistically significant …

We develop and estimate a theory-consistent gravity model for interregional migration flows in the presence of … equation for bilateral mobility that embodies a co-determined local unemployment term. As a theory of migration, our model …