of middle managers from the German chemical sector, we are able to differentiate between different reasons for …

The ranking system within academic environments may impact future professional trajectories. Examining the influence of …

complexity and uncertainty. We exploit quasi-random assignment of employees to managers and study the role of frontline managers … leadership styles depend on the environment: Employees of more transactional managers outperform those of more transformational … leaders before the onset of the pandemic. During the pandemic, however, more transformational managers lead employees to …