remain - and the Covid-19 shock may have exacerbated them. This report analyses European firms' investment in training over … the last six years examining trends, factors supporting training investment as well as the impact of the Covid-19 shock …. We base the empirical analysis on a unique dataset, the European Investment Bank's Investment Survey (EIBIS), which …

This paper documents the link between finance and informal competition. Using longitudinal firm-level data, we show … that formal firms that are more exposed to the competition of informal firms are less likely to apply for a bank loan. This … informal competition have worse expectations on future sales growth, which in turn are associated with a lower probability of …

of enforcement activity by European competition authorities in labor markets relative to the US. While enforcement action … competition enforcement in labor markets. The article identifies sectors and practices that may be scrutinized with priority by … European competition authorities and proposes a mix of enforcement, merger control and well-targeted policy and regulatory …