data. Factors emphasized in the economic theory of agency, notably risk aversion, also shape pay policies but these factors … cannot account for all the observed empirical relationships. -- incentives ; social norms ; physicians …

crowding out due to low-powered incentives. High-powered incentives in the workplace tend to increase output, but it is unknown … also extends to high-powered incentives, in a real work setting with paid workers. There is individual heterogeneity …

Empirical studies of the principal-agent relationship find that extrinsic incentives work in many instances, linking … drive to work to master a skill or to improve one's self image, is thought to be the key to whether incentives work or not …. If the incentives crowd-out intrinsic motivation, and the effect is large enough, the net motivational effect on effort …

that increase the incentives of relatively more able workers, heterogeneity is unlikely to be as detrimental as commonly … perceived for incentives in organizations with multiple hierarchy levels. Heterogeneity of the workforce may even be optimal … from the perspective of a firm that provides incentives using a multi-stage promotion contest. …

We measure the response of physicians to monetary incentives using matched administrative and time-use data on … services. Our results confirm that physicians respond to incentives in predictable ways. The own-price substitution effects of …

behavior through incentives. We study the impact of these two roles of information on profits by implementing a field …