people promoted to be managers, team leaders, and supervisors? Gallup data and the famous Peter Principle both suggest that …

complexity and uncertainty. We exploit quasi-random assignment of employees to managers and study the role of frontline managers … leadership styles depend on the environment: Employees of more transactional managers outperform those of more transformational … leaders before the onset of the pandemic. During the pandemic, however, more transformational managers lead employees to …

brightest managers to the public sector abound. This paper studies self-selection into managerial positions in the public and … ability is always higher in the private sector. As a result, relatively many of the more able managers self-select into the …