When do opposition groups decide to mount a terrorism campaign and when do they enter an open civil conflict against … the ruling government? This paper models an opposition group's choice between peace, terrorism, and open conflict …. Terrorism emerges if executive constraints are intermediate and rents are sizeable. Open conflict is predicted to emerge under …

This paper examines the interactive effect of distance and trade on international conflict and cooperation. The effect … conflict to a greater extent when dyads are geographically close, but has a greater effect on cooperation when countries are … more distant. Geographic proximity increases conflict and cooperation more among non-trading dyads. -- conflict ; trade …

. This paper proposes a new method to estimate the welfare impact of conflicts and remedy common data constraints in conflict …-affected environments. The method first estimates how agents regard spatial welfare differentials by voting with their feet, using pre-conflict … data. Then, it infers a lower-bound estimate for the conflict-driven welfare shock from partially observed post-conflict …

A considerable body of empirical evidence indicates that conflict affects reproductive behaviour, often resulting in an … about the effect of peace in a post-conflict setting. This study explores how the external provision of security affects …

We decompose the relationship between food aid and conflict into the channels through which food aid can affect … conflict. We address questions of methodological choice and estimation techniques for empirical studies. Our review of the … empirical evidence on the effect of food aid on conflict shows that none of the previous studies proposes a compelling …

This paper investigates the long-run effects of climate change on conflict by examining cooling from 1400-1900 CE, a … this time, cooling is associated with increased conflict. Then, turning to the dynamics of cooling, we allow the effects of … effect of cooling on conflict is significantly larger if the same location experienced cooling during the preceding period …

interrelation of cities to study the interdependencies between urban evolution and the environment. We focus on the potential of the … boon for the environment, as total emissions in the total city system are likely to rise. …