trend (purely external non-economic) as well as other exogenous (external economic) factors (technology shifters). We define … technology index based on the external economic factors which are indicators of ‘technology’. Thus our definition of production … function is amended to accommodate several technology shifters which are not separable from the traditional inputs. That is …

call technology shifters (economic factors). We use several composite technology indices based on appropriate combinations … of the external economic factors which are indicators of different aspects of technology. These technology indices are … specific external economic factors. Furthermore, the technology shifters allow for non-neutral and biased shifts in TC. We also …

compared with the western region. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and information and communication technology (ICT) investment …

the traditional production model where technology is represented by a time trend. TFP growth is decomposed into … unobservable technical change, scale economies and observable technology shifter index components. The empirical results are based … exogenous growth factors are used in modeling four technology shifter indices to explore development infrastructure, finances …

Many economic and political decisions are the outcome of strategic contests for a given prize. The nature of such … contests can be determined by a designer who is driven by political considerations with a specific political culture. The main … objective of this study is to analyze the effect of political culture and of valuation asymmetry on discrimination between the …

The form of contests for a single fixed prize can be determined by a designer who maximizes the contestants' efforts …

This paper documents the link between finance and informal competition. Using longitudinal firm-level data, we show … that formal firms that are more exposed to the competition of informal firms are less likely to apply for a bank loan. This … informal competition have worse expectations on future sales growth, which in turn are associated with a lower probability of …