activities – exports, imports and two-way trade. It uses unique new representative data for manufacturing enterprises from … advantages of trading firms are eaten up by extra costs related to selling and buying on foreign markets. -- exports ; imports …

the link between production-related subsidies and exports. We document that only a small fraction of enterprises is … subsidized, and that exports and subsidies are positively related. Using a matching approach to investigate the causal effect of … an impact of subsidies on the share of exports in total sales in West Germany but no evidence in East Germany …

regularity conditions and assuming a Cobb Douglas production function, it is shown that (log) oil exports enter the long run … money balances, inflation, real exchange rate, oil exports, and foreign real output, the paper finds clear evidence for two … acting as a proxy for the (missing) market interest rate. Real output in the long run is shaped by oil exports through their …

The analysis of the effects of firm-level international trade on wages has so far focused on the role of exports, which … wage determinant as important as exports. Furthermore, we also find significant differences in the relationship between … trade and wages across types of products. In particular, firms that increase their exports (imports) of high- (intermediate …

on bilateral exports. …