This paper documents disparities in cognitive development-as measured by a receptive vocabulary test-between children from households with high and low socioeconomic status (SES) in two different phases of childhood (before and after early school years) in four developing countries: Peru,...

Financing of education in the Philippines is mainly by the government (public) and by households (private), and since the 1990s there has been a shift in the public/private mix in education financing toward higher private share. Between 2007 and 2040 the schooling age population of the...

The NTA flow accounts for the Philippines for the year 2007 include not only national level estimates but also estimates by income group. Three income groups are defined, referred to as income terciles. This paper examines the financing of consumption by income group. One source of financing is...

The NTA flow accounts for the Philippines for the year 2007 include not only national level estimates but also estimates by income group. Three income groups are defined, referred to as income terciles. This paper compares age profiles of consumption and labor income across income groups. The...