Do incumbents in an election have an advantage, and if so, are these advantages heterogeneous across parties or …

town council election?; (2) Does this partisan identity influence in ensuing higher level elections?; and (3) Do voters … condition their vote for the mayor on the result of the last council election? We collected a unique data set for Germany in … which we link election results for different political institutions at the municipal level. To identify causal effects, we …

deal with the endogeneity of voter turnout by using election day rain as an instrumental variable. Our particular …