Microfinance institutions and other lenders in developing countries rely on the promise of future loans to induce repayment. However, if borrowers expect that others will default, and so loans will no longer be available in the future, then they will default as well. We refer to such contagion...

We study the equilibrium effects of the "S" dimension of ESG under imperfect competition in labor or product markets. We model ESG policies as constraints that boards place on managers to treat their stakeholders well. "Doing Well by Doing Good" holds for moderate ESG policies, which are...