for some 1,100 households in rural Vietnam,. The findings indicate that grid electrification has been both extensive …). Vietnam is unusual in that once electricity is locally available, both rich and poor households are equally likely to get the …

poverty significantly through higher agricultural production, higher wages, lower input and transportation costs, and higher …

This paper addresses whether microcredit participants in Bangladesh are trapped in poverty and debt, as many critics …, invest in children's schooling, and be lifted out of poverty. This is not to say that non-participants have failed to … of poverty reduction have been higher for participants. Testing the net effect of microcredit programs requires applying …

Energy poverty is a frequently used term among energy specialists, but unfortunately the concept is rather loosely … defined. Several existing approaches measure energy poverty by defining an energy poverty line as the minimum quantity of … based on energy demand. The energy poverty line is defined as the threshold point at which energy consumption begins to rise …

energy poverty line. The paper finds that although the use of both traditional (biomass energy burned in conventional stoves … poverty line, the paper finds that some 58 percent of rural households in Bangladesh are energy poor, compared with 45 percent … biomass use can lower energy poverty in a climate-friendly way by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Reducing energy poverty …

Microfinance is often criticized for not adequately addressing seasonality and hard-core poverty. In Bangladesh, a … and extreme poverty. Although the program has demonstrated its promise, it is too early to conclude whether the accrued … benefits are large enough to contain both seasonal and chronic poverty on a sustained basis …

. Others describe microcredit with interest rates in excess of 20 percent as a poverty trap. This paper uses more than 20 years … rejects the hypothesis that these microcredit programs are a poverty trap. Moreover, the paper finds moderately positive …