We argue that standard models of voting do a bad job explaining the frequency of very close mass elections with high turnout. We instead model head-to-head elections as a competition between incentive schemes to turn out voters and elucidate conditions under which parties might prefer close...

The introduction of artificially intelligent algorithms in pricing decisions by firms has triggered a literature in industrial organization asking if the use of these algorithms will lead to collusive outcomes. In a simple repeated game environment it is shown that if algorithms can be reliably...