ethnic-specific gender norms on gender-biased mortality during resource shocks. Studying the 1891-1892 Russian famine, we … compare cohorts born before and after the famine in districts differentially affected by the famine and with diverse gender …

cities themselves was markedly unequal. Second, I review research looking at the mortality impact of access to clean water … and sanitation. These account for ca. 10-30 percent of declines in infant mortality and in industrial settings their joint … effect explains between 20 and 25 percent of the fall in infant and overall mortality. Lastly, I examine the drivers of the …