Why do women experience a persistent drop in labor earnings upon becoming mothers, i.e. a ``child penalty"? We study a … between mothers and similar women with no children. Mothers send 12.2% fewer job applications and are more selective regarding … applications are sent and highlight differences in the timing of job search. We find that mothers' rate of applications decreases …

Do gender disparities in academia reflect that female scholars are held to higher standards than males? We address this … makes the same career step. In most domains, this reflects a gender gap for "marginal" scholars, consistent with lower merit …