In the absence of closed-shops and discriminatory wage policies, union membership can be explained by the existence of … Great Britain, we find evidence for social custom effects in the determination of trade union membership in both countries … which restrict free-riding on union services. The impact of social custom effects tends to be independent of union density …

undergraduate students in human resource management and industrial relations courses, and labor relations managers and union … activists and staff). The book deals with aspects of union revival as it asks whether ultra-concession bargaining is cause or …