also explain a part of the still-existing productivity gap between manufacturing in East and West Germany. However, I …

for Germany, the largest European immigration country, shows that more than 60% of the migrants are indeed repeat migrants …. The out-migration per year is low, about 10%. Migrants are more likely to leave again early after their arrival in Germany …, and when they have social and familial bonds in the home country, but less likely when they have a job in Germany and …

This paper focuses on the entrepreneurial endeavors of immigrants and natives in Germany. We pay closer attention to … Germany represent about 70% of all Turkish entrepreneurs in the European Union. We identify the characteristics of the self …

circular migration as it is manifested by the frequency of exits of migrants living in Germany, and by the number of years … Germany, the largest European immigration country, are indeed repeat migrants. The findings indicate that immigrants from … and to stay out of Germany for longer. Males exit more frequently than females but do not differ in the time spent out …

natives and second generation migrants. We analyze an inflow sample into unemployment in Germany, and find differences between …