). The empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that barriers to entry, aimed at reducing competition, lower research …

positively related to research and development investments, while openness to trade has a negative effect. I also find the …. However, in both sub-samples, research and development investments Granger-cause intellectual property protection levels …, whereas surprisingly, intellectual property protection does not Granger-cause research and development investments. …

measures that intend to foster research collaboration need to understand academia as a reputation economy. Successful measures … research landscape. It enables researchers to verify results and to pursuit new research questions with “old” data. It is … sharing or withholding research data. The results for 1564 valid responses show that researchers across disciplines recognise …

trusting attitude than West Germans. This suggests a negative effect of communism in East Germany versus democracy in West … Germany on social and institutional trust. However, the experience of democracy by East Germans since reunification did not … more than a decade of democracy, have the same levels of social distrust as shortly after the collapse of communism. In …

demand reduction effect. Even if Russia fails to supply Europe, the additional impact of the lower Dutch production is …

received their degree in the years 2000 to 2005 in Europe or the USA. Research productivity is evaluated alternatively as the …This paper analyzes the early research performance of PhD graduates in labor economics, addressing the following … relevant is the quality of the training received (i.e. ranking of institution and supervisor) and the research environment in …