well as growthoriented outcomes such as job creation and innovation. We find statistically significant and economically … stronger when focusing on the growth-oriented outcome of innovation. Furthermore, we observe that generalized self-efficacy is …

), allows for causal interpretation of the relationship between innovation output and labor productivity. We find that knowledge … intensive services benefit from innovation activities in the sense that these activities causally increase their labor …

job creation, expansion and innovation activities for up to 40 months after business formation. Using self … better, the higher they score on this index. E↵ects are particu-larly strong for growth oriented outcomes like innovation and … ambition, and necessity. We show that individuals driven by opportunity motives perform better in terms of innovation and …