Company bankruptcies are an inseparable element of market economy. We may observe the tendency to view bankruptcy as a problem of weak and usually small entities facing problems when trying to meet the challenge posed by strong competition. Big companies, however, also fall, and their bankruptcy...

The aims of the paper are twofold: first, to present selected approaches to the construction of an income statement based on variable costing, which evolved towards the preparation of a tool for multidimensional measurement and an analysis of profitability of sales; second, to discuss the...

Innovations are an important, although imprecise conceptual category. They are perceived differently depending on the accepted scientific perspective. The article verifies the concept of innovation in terms of marketing and accounting. The main aim of the paper is to identify problems and...

SMEs are a major provider of jobs, contribute to promoting the social and economic cohesion of regions and, in particular, they are important for regions facing high unemployment or lower economic development. The importance of assessing a company’s financial performance has been steadily...

Human capital plays an important role in the development of every company. Big enterprises have a Human Resources Department which conducts analyses and measurements of human capital. In Poland over 90% of the total number of companies is made up of small and middle- size enterprises. The aim of...

In a modern economy human capital is the basic resource, directly influencing production and the financial results of the enterprise. Employee involvement determines their better job performance and the achievement of better financial results. The analysed companies - winners of the contest...

Intellectual capital is not sufficiently depicted in the annual reports of Polish companies, although it plays an important role in the operation and market valuation of enterprises. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the possibilities of using the KCETM method for depicting intellectual...

Reinvestment decisions are based on basic the economic literacy of entrepreneurs because they do not want to affect future liquidity or development activities. The main goal of the article is to suggest a simple decision tree model to describe profit reinvestments in a general way based on...

The integrated report is a tool enabling communication of an enterprise with both internal and external stakeholders. The lack of unanimity of stakeholders’ opinions on building values, resulting from the differentiation of their access to information, results in the value of the enterprise in...

Due to the traditional operational model of cooperative banks which is mostly based on financial intermediation, the range of a local bank’s social influence in a given environment is highly dependent on the money transfer balance, that is using local money to satisfy local needs. A typical...