The distributive trades sector, which is primarily accounted for by wholesale and retail trade, is not only … half of private consumption accounted for by retail trade. The “value added” of this intermediation service can be …

that there has so far been a moderate increase in actual protectionist measures to restrict trade through tariff and non … since the mid-2000s, and has possibly intensified since the start of the financial crisis. However, no World Trade … Organization (WTO) member has retreated into widespread trade restrictions or protectionism to date. Our model-based simulations …

World trade contracted sharply in late 2008 and early 2009 following the deepening of the financial crisis in September … 2008. This paper discusses the main mechanisms behind the global downturn in trade and its impact on euro area exports and … recorded losses in productivity during this period. Going forward, the recovery in world trade will depend mainly on a …

-price competitiveness effects contributed largely to the trade surplus in some countries, for some southern European countries the trade … countries’ composition of trade could lead to heterogeneity in the potential gains from improvements in competitiveness. …

protectionist import substitution policies but as these failed developing countries have opened up to trade and FDI and tried to … follow strategies of export driven industrialization. If we consider the share of non-OECD countries in global trade in … Africa. In this paper we present a two region product life cycle model of global specialization and trade. In it we analyse …

. Having discussed the nature and dynamics of the GAE, the paper turns to sketch a series of vectors (trade, aid and energy …