Eurosystem. These include semi-structural, structural and time-series models covering specific jurisdictions and the euro area …

This paper provides an overview of supply and demand factors influencing the availability of euro-denominated debt … instruments that qualify as high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) in the euro area. The paper estimates the supply of HQLA issued by …

estimates of the cost of equity for listed and unlisted euro area banks using a three-step methodology. In the first step, ten … the third step, the combined costs of equity for individual banks are aggregated at the euro area level and according to …

the updated trade weights of euro effective exchange rates, it appears that the increasing integration of the euro area … nominal and real effective exchange rate indices of the euro. Building on the work of Buldorini et al. (2002), it shows how … developments for both the euro area as a whole and individual Member States. While the growing importance of China is reflected in …

) indicators of the euro. This framework yields two sets of indicators: (i) one nominal and several real EER indices against a … narrow reference group of euro area trading partners based on different price and cost deflators; and (ii) a nominal and a … industrial and newly industrialised euro area partner countries, while the broad group is made up of 38 trading partners …

between exchange rates and prices, showing that there is at most a moderate decline in exchange rate pass-through for the euro … of euro area exports to exchange rate changes may have declined somewhat as a result of globalisation, reflecting mainly … exchange rates on GDP and the potential role of valuation effects as a transmission channel in the case of the euro area …

Well-functioning economic structures are key for resilient and prospering euro area economies. The global financial and … sovereign debt crises exposed the limited resilience of the euro area's economic structures. Economic growth was masking … underlying weaknesses in several euro area countries. With the inception of the crises, significant efforts have been undertaken …

This paper reviews the debate on the longer-term requirements for safeguarding the euro as a currency beyond the state … financial governance in the wake of the euro area crisis goes a long way towards creating the minimum conditions for a more … required' to stabilise the euro area as a whole rather than sharing their sovereignty in common institutions to achieve this …

account of the change in the circulation of euro banknotes and the use of cash in transactions during the pandemic; and (2) to …