"Financial systems are inherently fragile because of the very function which makes them valuable: liquidity … transformation. Regulatory reforms can strengthen the financial system and decrease the risk of liquidity crises, but they cannot … between monetary policy and liquidity transformation 'optimal' monetary policy would consist of a modified Taylor rule in …

' funding structures jointly with that in their excess liquidity holdings. We find evidence that banks highly exposed to the …, importantly, the explicit consideration of the role of excess liquidity in our analysis …

reliance on retail deposit funding and the level of excess liquidity holdings may increase banks’ responsiveness to NIRP. We … segments. We are the first to document the importance of banks’ excess liquidity holdings for the effectiveness of NIRP …, pointing to a strong complementarity of NIRP with central bank liquidity injections, e.g. via asset purchases …