area (EA) and the US. The estimations show that until mid-2014 the ECB’s response to inflation was more forceful when … inflation was above 2% than below 2%. Since then, the ECB’s policy can be characterised as symmetric, and we quantify the … bound and a low neutral real rate, and find that it prescribes a stronger response to inflation and the output gap when …

equilibrium real rate using an estimated DSGE model for the euro area. We find that simple feedback rules that implement inflation … targeting result in a binding lower bound one-fourth of the time as well as inflation and output exhibiting large downward … purchases. Makeup strategies, especially average inflation targeting with a long averaging window, perform better than inflation …

changes does not change much with inflation and does not react much to aggregate shocks; (vi) changes in inflation are mostly … consistent with the predictions of a menu cost model in a low inflation environment where idiosyncratic shocks are a more …

inflation almost universally to the upside; and the second – starting well into the post-Lehman period – characterised by … stability with a hard 2% ceiling, functioned as a key shock-absorber in the relatively high-inflation years prior to the crisis … inflation and economic activity …

out to be only a slowdown, and inflation never departed from levels consistent with the ECB's quantitative definition of …

inflation would have been 1.1 p.p. and 0.75 p.p. lower, respectively, and the unemployment rate 1.1 p.p. higher than they …