This paper studies the effect of pre-election polls on the participation decision of citizens in a large, two …-candidate election, and the resulting incentives for the poll participants. Citizens have private values and voting is costly and … candidate wins the election almost surely, regardless of voters' posterior beliefs. …

suggest that social norms can change rapidly as a result of election outcomes. We explore this conjecture using a controlled … situations in which no rule has been elected. In the absence of an election, sharing is widely considered socially appropriate … appropriate. This power prevails, albeit in weaker form, even if the election is subject to controversial practices such as vote …

achieve two desirable properties: First, the overall election outcome corresponds to the popular vote. Second, most districts …