In this paper, we extend the mean-variance portfolio model where expected returns are obtained using maximum likelihood estimation to explicitly account for uncertainty about the estimated expected returns. In contrast to the Bayesian approach to estimation error, where there is only a single...

We develop a model of portfolio choice capable of nesting the views of Keynes, advocating concentration in a few familiar assets, and Markowitz, advocating diversification across all available assets. In the model, the return distributions of risky assets are ambiguous, and investors are averse...