This study uses prices for the German 3 percent imperial loan issued in several tranches since 1890 and still traded during World War I to measure capital market players' real-time perceptions of the prospects for Germany as the war proceeded. Price data are gathered from the Amsterdam market...

Over the later 1920s and up to the mid-1930s, German coal-mining saw an exceptional surge in labour productivity led primarily by the Ruhr coalmines' performance. It is a commonly accepted view that the economy-wide 'rationalization boom' between currency stabilization and the depression years...

The scholarly discourse about twentieth century forced labour has raised important questions. For example, how profitable and productive has the employment of forced labour been in different political and economic contexts? The dominant take-away from the literature is that forced labour comes...