industrial policy coordination is good or bad. However, reaching agreement at the EU level on any type of policy - trade policy … the vagueness of the benefits of coordination and the surety of the decision-making costs suggests that the EU has no need … coordination are obvious, such as public spending on R&D, they will be obvious to all and ad hoc cooperation will work. …

the EU economy makes it less than ideally positioned to face these challenges. The new industrial policy articulated by …