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empirical assessment of the dominant form of competition. The application of this procedure to data for eleven EU countries …
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This paper assesses the effectiveness of vertical industrial policies within the European Union. Vertical industrial policy is defined as government support of specific firms or industries ("picking winners" or "supporting losers"). It is measured as state aid granted by Member States to the...
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industrial policy coordination is good or bad. However, reaching agreement at the EU level on any type of policy - trade policy … the vagueness of the benefits of coordination and the surety of the decision-making costs suggests that the EU has no need … coordination are obvious, such as public spending on R&D, they will be obvious to all and ad hoc cooperation will work. …
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