Internationalisation is not limited to manufacturing. It also extending to innovation as firms spread their research and development (R&D) across the globe. Firms are increasingly dependent on interaction with foreign partners and competitors, and they are becoming more reliant on locations...

In the 1990s, Nokia became a leader in the global cell phone market. The stellar growth of Nokia contributed significantly to the Finnish national economy, especially to GDP growth, exports and the R&D system. The first years of the 21st century have witnessed a massive relocation of electronics...

Nokia is a good example of a company whose operation is more and more based on co-operation with other organisations. During the past ten years Nokia has actively built and developed its supplier network. Rather than aim to produce everything itself, the company is increasingly turning to...

Nokia has undergone a major metamorphosis. Emerging as a conglomerate with a number of different business lines, Nokia has been transformed into a pure telecommunications company. At the same time, the company has also internationalised by investing abroad. Despite the heavy internationalisation...

The “Asian miracle” ended in the autumn of 1997 when many East Asian economies fell victim to the Asian crisis. In this study, we analyse the reasons for the crisis and its effects on the world economy. We study why market players were unable to predict the crisis and identify the main...

By Globalization we refer to the latest stage of internationalization since the 1980s, initiated by widespread deregulation of financial markets and competitive policies as well as by advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs). In our discussion global competitiveness at the...

Lack of capital has for long, if not always, been perceived as one of the most important impediments to economic activity in Finland the Achilles heel of the Finnish economy. This volume takes a long-term perspective on this perception. It considers how the Finnish financial system and the...