net employment effect of R&D offshoring, which could be either negative or positive. …This paper explores offshoring of firms’ research and development functions. Our analysis employs a previously untapped …&D offshoring is small. Second, a large majority of R&D is offshored within the enterprise group, in contrast to offshoring outside …

, little is known about the impact of institutional quality on offshoring. This is surprising, given that offshoring has become … between institutional quality and offshoring. The results suggest that weak institutions are negatively related to offshoring … in general and to offshoring of R&D-intensive goods in particular. Furthermore, firms that are able to establish long …

differences also exist between the scalability of different services. Since 2007, employment growth has been the fastest in the …