, answer questions about corruption, firm performance and how honest they are differently from other managers. If reticent …

from the tax authorities or corrupt bureaucrats. Using a method developed in the literature on corruption, this paper … lie about other aspects of firm and manager behavior—including underreporting corruption—this suggests that it will be …

Recent firm-level surveys suggest that petty corruption is a serious problem for African firms, costing the average … bribes in monetary terms and firms that report them as a percent of sales, and the sensitivity of the corruption question … bribes when they report them in percentage terms. If this is the case, petty corruption might be far less costly than the raw …