The line-planning problem seeks to determine the set of fixed routes (or lines) a transit operator should run, along with associated operation frequencies. We propose an optimization algorithm for the transit-line-planning problem based on bi-level programming that exploits the problem's...

The crew pairing problem (CPP) is generally modelled as a set partitioning problem where the flights have to be partitioned in pairings. A pairing is a sequence of flight legs separated by connection time and rest periods that starts and ends at the same base. Because of the extensive list of...