capacity is only available at elevated costs, Chinese power generators could turn to the global trade markets and increase … marginal costs of steam coal supply in Europe. Increasing Chinese demand for steam coal will lead to a growing need for … long run marginal costs of supply for Europe and the US but significant effects for China. …

to account for feedback loops with all other sectors. We include scenarios with different runtimes and retrofit costs for … economic growth in the medium term, if retrofit costs do not exceed certain limits. …

coal trade is not perfectly competitive as there is a large spread between marginal costs and prices and a low capacity …

drivers of these price peaks. This paper is concerned with the costs of steam coal allocation in the seaborne market and their … therefore allows to analyse the effects of input price escalation on marginal costs in detail. Since 2005 input prices of … commodities used in coal mining and bulk carrier freight rates increased significantly, causing marginal costs to rise. However …

increasingly discussed. Our research therefore focuses on three questions: First, what are the costs of phasing-out nuclear power … in France under different scenarios? Second, who has to bear these costs, i.e., how much of the costs will be passed on … France have on system costs? Applying a stochastic optimization model for the European electricity system, we show that …

costs increase by 5 to 7% when a European-wide renewable energy target for electricity generation (of around 55%) is … additionally implemented. However, these additional costs are lower by 41 to 45% compared to the additional electricity system … costs which would arise if the renewable energy target was reached through national support systems (without cooperation …