Even with the sizable Foreign Exchange (FX) holdings and good credit ratings of its top assets, Asia remains vulnerable to various shocks. This paper highlights the limited crossborder asset pledgeability as a significant factor for the lingering vulnerability in Asia. The dichotomy in asset...

The CMI (Chiang Mai Initiative) is designed to provide regional liquidity facility after Asian financial crisis of 1997. The current setting of the CMI is centered on four areas: swap network, regional surveillance, monitoring capital flows, and training personnel. However, since the size of...

Some of the most visible causes for booms and busts in a small, open, financially developing economy include a fragile financial market, exchange rate shocks, and asset price volatility that often result in credit constraints. Because these shocks tend to exaggerate the credit cycles of...

Unlike the popular belief, digital transformation mainly gets stymied by legal and regulatory issues related with legacy institutions in Asia rather than technical difficulties. The real challenges triggered by the PSD2 (Payment Services Directive 2) are how the region would overcome the overly...