This study investigates the effects of monetary changes on the U.S. economy. The emphasis is on establishing a causal flow from the money supply (nominal variable) to the two components of nominal output--the price level and real output (real variable). Test results indicate that the impact of...

The persistence of large federal government deficits has stimulated interest in investigating the impact of deficits on the U.S. economy. The present paper analyzes two related theoretical issues. First, it examines the direction of causal flows in the deficit-nominal interest rate relationship....