The emergence of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) grouping and the rapid advancement of their stock market may results in the acceleration of the appreciation of their respective currencies and ultimately the loss of their trade competitiveness. Conversely, exchange rate...

The research and bank model developed in this paper for the case of Indonesia is motivated by the following: 1. A recent change in banking regulations in Indonesia, like the statutory reserve requirement and full implementation of Basel II in 2011, coupled with a lack of literature to document...

The past two decades have witnessed many episodes of economic reform across the developing world. Although initiated with popular enthusiasm, sustaining and completing these reform packages has turned out to be much more difficult, with policymakers having to `walk the line' between success and...

The article investigates the interrelations between the initial members of the Euro area and five Central and Eastern European economies.Structural vector error correction approach, theoretically derived restrictions on the cointegration matrix, generalized impulse response analysisHigh degree...

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This paper presents a comparative analysis of innovation behaviour at the firm level across countries with different levels of technological development. The literature has argued mostly from a macroeconomic perspective (e.g. Silverberg and Verspagen 1995, Acemoglu – Aghion – Zillibotti...

This paper is intended as a first approach to effectiveness of the wage reduction in promoting the international competitiveness of the Portuguese economy. It is general knowledge that the promotion of international competitiveness can be promoted by three distinct pathways. The first is to...

General analyses of household income at expenditure side as well as comparison of wage differences and mean net equalized income are mostly based on nominal comparisons. Regional indexes at regional level are not available at most European countries, so there is problem to estimate real wages...

The ability to explain the development of supply, demand, and prices of commodities (especially agricultural and energy commodities) is essential for policy-makers around the globe for several reasons since they represent an essential part of the consumption baskets. Moreover, energy and...

Since the latter half of 1990s, it has been discussed that many developing countries are going to face serious population aging problem while these economies are still underdeveloped and not adequately prepared against aging yet in terms of institutional reform such as social security. As the...