contributions to global trade growth have come from East Asian countries in the developing world and the Euro area in the developed … world. Merchandise trade, which in recent years has been less resilient than services trade, picked up, growing by 4 …

. Trade policy developments are mixed. Restrictive trade measures imposed during 2018 affected 3.8 percent of world …-for-tat tariffs between the United States and China alone affected 2.0 percent of world merchandise trade in 2018. Ongoing trade … a multilateral approach and World Trade Organization reforms …

Since the Global Financial Crisis, world trade growth has been subdued and lagging slightly behind growth of gross … trade-income relationship, and then investigates its consequences for economic growth. On the demand side, sluggish world …

, but the impact varies by income group. Provisions outside the current mandate of the World Trade Organization (investment … under the current World Trade Organization mandate (tariff reduction and customs facilitation) drive the effect of trade …