trade policy scenarios that may arise from new geopolitical risks. We describe the EU’s recent decline in importance as an … international trading partner, while for the EU itself global trade dependency has increased. We show that this dependence is highly … economic impact of several policy-driven de-globalization scenarios for Europe, for individual EU member states, different …

From the earliest announcement of the European Green Deal, the current EU political cycle has been defined by an … engage stakeholders, including various external shocks, the EU has put forward and largely passed an unprecedented … legislative agenda, which was meant to have, and is having, deep impacts on the EU economy and society at large. Much has changed …

This paper discusses the introduction of new own resources to finance the EU budget. Currently roughly two thirds of … criticised for leading to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than on the benefits, and for … contributing to the framing of discussions on the EU budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added through common …