Many economists and social scientists have conjectured that individual gifts to charity may be interdependent. This paper explores empirically how an individual's charitable contributions may be affected by the giving of others in a 'reference group' of similar individuals. The authors find...

Ehrlich (1973) is perhaps the best-known and most influential study of criminal deterrence. Isaac Ehrlich's structural estimation of a three-equation simultaneous system found large and significant direct deterrent effects of penalties on crime rates. However, recent theoretical results show...