) emissions, output (GDP), energy consumption, and trade using the bounds testing approach to cointegration and the ARDL … methodology for Tunisia over the period 1971–2008. The empirical results reveal the existence of two causal long-run relationships … between the variables. In the short-run, there are three unidirectional Granger causality relationships, which run from GDP …

Product (GDP) for the major developed countries. Considering the limitation of a linear Granger causality test in detecting … test show that this new variable contains useful information to forecast GDP for the US, the UK, and Australia, suggesting … that we may include it as a forecasting variable in GDP forecasting models, especially nonlinear models, for these three …

indicates unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to GDP for the United Kingdom, while a bidirectional … causality between energy consumption and GDP is found for Canada, France, Japan and United States. On the other hand, Kyrtsou …–Labys test shows that a unidirectional causality runs from energy consumption to GDP for France and the United States, and from …