Error measures for the evaluation of forecasts are usually based on the size of the forecast errors. Common measures are e.g. the Mean Squared Error (MSE), the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) or the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Alternative measures for the comparison of forecasts are...

An unbiased point estimator T for an unknown parameter θ can be improved in the sense of the Mean Squared Error (MSE) by T = λT λ for suitable factors λ. Here, we want to discuss this approach in the context of combination of forecasts. We consider the shrinkage technique for unbiased...