We tested for the presence of IT capital externalities, based on a translog cost function framework applied to 10 Japanese manufacturing industries for the years 1974 to 1993. This framework allows us to test whether investment in IT capital in other industries reduces costs in a given industry....

We tested for the presence of IT capital externalities, based on a translog cost function framework applied to 10 Japanese manufacturing industries for the years 1974 to 1993. This framework allows us to test whether investment in IT capital in other industries reduces costs in a given industry....

This is a very brief note which considers how to incorporate directly into the measurement of literacy a procedure for penalizing anti-female bias in its gender-related distribution. The ‘gender-adjusted' literacy measure L* advanced in this note reflects the cost of failing to achieve...