Based on firm level data from 16 Sub-Saharan African countries we show how three different measures of credit constraints lead to three different estimates of gender differences in manufacturing firms’ credit situation. Using a perception based credit constraint measure female owned firms...

We analyze the gender wage gap in experimental markets. Women receive but do not request significantly lower wages than men. This hurts firms, as women react with low effort. Additionally, women tend to react differently than men to wage levels.

Male physicians outearn women by 13% at the outset of their careers and by 28% eight years later. Conflicting evidence on the existence of a wage gap in medicine stems from the earnings measure used: hourly earnings versus yearly earnings controlling for hours worked.