Semiparametric estimation shows that growth is contingent on openness, domestic performance and level of development. Economies with low degree of openness can adopt more open policies and stronger measures to achieve better domestic performance and hasten their growth.

Evidences from nonparametric and semiparametric unbalanced panel data models with fixed effects show that Kuznet’s inverted-U relationship is confirmed when economic development reaches a threshold. The model tests justify semiparametric specification. The integrated net contribution of...